The term of globalization can be defined as the process of worldwide integration that arises from sharing of different worldviews, products, ideas, and customs (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010; Dummer & Cook, 2008). The main factors that contributed to globalization are advancements in transport and telecommunication infrastructure, and the internet, in particular (Dummer & Cook, 2008). This has resulted in both positive and adverse effects on social, economic, and political aspects of Russia.
In Russia, globalization caused more harm than good to healthcare sector. It is notable that Soviet social hygiene provided a basis the development of a new system of health protection and improvement (Averina et al., 2005). This was due to the fact that it was used to improve the loyalty of health professionals, which led to the inclusion of Marxist philosophy in education. However, Frieden (2010) states that Russian hygiene started to decline in the late 1920s after it was suppressed by political elites. This continued, and between 1941 and mid 1960s, public health science was reduced to the organization of health care (Kanjilal, Mazumdar, Mukherjee & Rahman, 2010). This created ignorance and criticism healthcare research and practice. According to Mukherjee Haddad and Narayana (2011), globalization was characterized by Loss of life and ill health started to be evident in Russia as early as 1917 due to radical changes in political, social, economic systems, dissolution of the Russian Empire and transition to socialism, which resulted in demographic disaster. It is evident that in 1993, there was declassification of health information, which facilitated modern research through international collaboration (Ray, Gornick & Schmitt, 2010).
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Healthcare insurance was introduced in 1991, which gave a way to modernize public health theory to match with Western approaches. It is important to indicate that public health science was politicized and any effect of globalization, whether negative or positive was not considered (Ray, Gornick & Schmitt, 2010). In 2003, the healthcare situation in Russia became worse, and the then Russian president, Vladimir Putin changed public health science into public health and healthcare with the aim of modernizing the approach (Jones, Jones, Perry, Barclay & Jones, 2009). It is important to state that many challenges were experienced health sector as a result of globalization in Russia.
First, fitness for military service among the recruits declined. This was the case due to abuse of drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol. According to Jones and colleagues (2009), between 1987-1999, there was an increase in smokers from 51 to 71 percent and the number of smokers increased 12 times in hospitals.
There were low birth rates, decline in maternal, child healthcare, and a decline in somatic and mental health are among other effects of globalization in Russia.
There were the living standards declined due to the high rate of spread of infectious diseases as it is shown by World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (2009). TB, for example, was responsible for 80 percent of deaths. This is in line with results from National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2014). A research conducted by National Rural Health Mission (2012) to investigate people who lost their lives as a result of infectious diseases shown that there are 29,600 deaths in 2000 and TB stabilized at 87.3 percent per 100 000 in 2001. STDs prevalence was high. This is shown by the results of Perlman and Bobak (2008) that shown in 1990-1997 syphilis increased 64 times up to 277.7 per 100 000, although it had decreased by 40 percent by 2000. HIV, hepatitis, and hospital infections also increased.
Mortality rates increased between 1988 to 1994, despite the fact that there was an improvement between 1995-1998 as National Rural Health Mission (2012) indicated. According to World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (2009), the death rate increased 1.7 times the birth rate and the excess in deaths over births reached 6.8 million between 1992-2000. This made the population decrease to 145 million in 2001. National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2014), indicates that the average life expectancy declined and in 2000, there were 59.0 years among men and 72,2 among women. This further explains that there is an increase in mortality rate.
